Sadhguru expresses his gratitude to all concerned persons for Bangla is a Classical Language. He said the metrical rhythms of Chandas and Bengali are not just patterns of sound; they are the vibrations of the universe, inviting us to explore the sacredness of language.
Article | October 10, 2024
Why Bangla is a Classical Language?
Sadhguru: The Bengali language has a Journey through Ancient Bengal’s Linguistic and Spiritual Heritage. The Bengali language, commonly known as Bangla, is not just a means of communication for millions but a living testament to an ancient heritage that extends back to the very origins of the language itself. It is a classical language, enriched by centuries of literary and cultural contributions, and deeply rooted in spiritual practices. However, few realize that Bangla’s origin traces back to one of the world’s first languages—Chandas. Chandas, a pre-Sanskrit language, emerged in the ancient regions of Rarh Banga and Barendra Bhum, areas of present-day Bengal. It is said that the initial hymns of the Rig Veda, one of the oldest spiritual texts of humanity, were composed in Chandas. Moreover, Bengal has historically been a spiritual hub, where one of the most ancient forms of spiritual practice, known as Nigam Tantra, originated. In this article, we will delve into the historical, linguistic, and spiritual dimensions of Bangla’s origins from Chandas and explore why it rightfully holds its place as a classical language.
Chandas is the heartbeat of ancient Bengal, echoing the spiritual wisdom of a time when sound and consciousness danced as one.
1. The Linguistic Roots: From Chandas to Bangla
The historical roots of the Bengali language extend far deeper than commonly perceived. Chandas was an ancient linguistic structure used in the early Vedic period. Unlike Sanskrit, which evolved later as a refined and structured language for liturgical and philosophical discourse, Chandas was a raw and poetic expression of human thought, emotion, and spiritual longing. The Rig Veda, the earliest of the four Vedas, contains hymns written in Chandas, and its rhythmic patterns and meter are still studied in linguistic and Vedic traditions.
From the depths of Chandas emerged the linguistic roots that nurtured Bengali, Assamese, and Tibetan, weaving a rich tapestry of cultural and spiritual connection.
1.1. Chandas: The Foundation of Vedic Language
Chandas refers to the metrical structure used in Vedic hymns, but beyond its technical aspects, it was a language of its own, predating the more refined Sanskrit. It was spoken and practised in the fertile regions of Bengal, specifically in Rarh Banga (south-western Bengal) and Barendra Bhum (north-western Bengal), regions rich in cultural and spiritual history. This proto-Vedic language carried the seeds of what later became the vast original ancient Indian linguistic family.
The Rig Vedic hymns composed in Chandas was not just poetic expressions; they were invocations to the divine, prayers for prosperity, and records of cosmic understanding. It was through these hymns that the foundation of spiritual thought was laid, a thought that would shape the cultural and religious ethos of Bengal for millennia.
In the language of Chandas, every syllable is a prayer, every verse a pathway to the divine, guiding seekers through the realms of the spiritual.
1.2. Chandas and its Connection to Bengal
The regions of Rarh and Barendra played a crucial role in the preservation and transmission of Chandas. Situated between the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, Bengal’s strategic location made it a cultural melting pot. The early Aryan settlers in these regions interacted with the indigenous people, leading to a linguistic exchange that enriched Chandas. These interactions sowed the seeds for the development of Bangla, a language that would later emerge as the dominant cultural and literary force in the region.
Rarh and Barendra were also centres of learning, where scholars and seers gathered to study and propagate the ancient knowledge enshrined in the Vedas. The spoken forms of Chandas in these regions retained their oral vitality and were passed down through generations, contributing to the formation of early Prakrits and later Apabhramsa, which eventually crystallized into the Bangla language.
2. The Evolution of Bangla from Chandas
The journey from Chandas to Bangla is one of linguistic transformation marked by cultural synthesis and spiritual evolution. While Sanskrit, the classical language of scholars and philosophers, dominated much of northern India, Bengal followed a slightly different path. The ancient people of Bengal, with their unique spiritual traditions and regional distinctions, retained much of the linguistic spirit of Chandas even as Sanskrit exerted its influence.
2.1. The Development of Early Prakrits and Apabhramsa
As Chandas evolved into more colloquial forms, it gave birth to early Prakrits, the vernacular languages of the common people. These Prakrits retained the fluidity and musicality of Chandas but were less rigid than classical Sanskrit.
The transition from Chandas to Prakrit and Apabhramsa in Bengal was a gradual process, influenced by various cultural and religious movements. The Buddhist Pali canon, for instance, had a significant impact on the vernaculars of Bengal, and the Prakrit spoken in the region carried elements of both Chandas and Pali. The Charyapada, a collection of mystical Buddhist songs from Bengal and Bihar, offers valuable insights into the early stages of Bangla’s development. These songs, composed in a proto-Bangla language, carry traces of Chandas in their meter and structure, highlighting the continuity of this ancient linguistic tradition.
2.2. The Emergence of Bangla as a Literary Language
The transformation of Bangla from its proto-linguistic stages to a fully developed literary language took place between the 10th and 12th centuries. During this period, Bengal was a vibrant centre of spiritual and intellectual activity, with Tantric practices, Buddhist philosophy, and Vaishnavism influencing the cultural landscape. Bangla absorbed these influences, evolving into a language that was not only rich in vocabulary but also capable of expressing deep spiritual truths.
The literary tradition in Bangla began with Mangal Kavya, a genre of poetry dedicated to the worship of deities like Manasa, Chandi, and Dharma Thakur. These early poems retained the metrical patterns of Chandas and were composed in a style that appealed to the masses. The Sri Chaitanya movement of the 15th century further enriched the language, infusing it with devotional fervour and philosophical depth. By this time, Bangla had fully emerged as a classical language with its distinct identity, but its roots in Chandas were never forgotten.
As Chandas evolved into modern tongues, they carried with them the essence of Tantra, a living testament to the spiritual heritage of Bengal.
3. The Spiritual Legacy: Bengal’s Nigam Tantra
Language and spirituality have always been deeply intertwined in Bengal’s history. The region’s spiritual traditions are as ancient as its linguistic heritage, with Nigam Tantra being one of the earliest forms of spiritual practice. Nigam Tantra, which predates even classical Tantra, is considered the most ancient spiritual practice in Bengal. It is said to have originated in the same regions where Chandas were spoken—Rarh Banga and Barendra Bhumi.
3.1. Nigam Tantra: The Ancient Path of Spiritual Knowledge
The term "Nigam" refers to knowledge that is acquired through study and reflection, as opposed to knowledge that is passed down through oral tradition (Agama). In this sense, Nigam Tantra is the spiritual knowledge of the Vedas, specifically the knowledge enshrined in the Rig Veda’s Chandas hymns. Unlike classical Tantra, which often emphasizes rituals and esoteric practices, Nigam Tantra focuses on the inner realization of spiritual truths through meditation and self-discipline.
Nigam Tantra was practised by the ancient sages of Bengal, who believed that the divine could be experienced through direct communion with nature and the cosmos. This form of spiritual practice placed great emphasis on the vibrational power of sound, particularly the sound of the Chandas hymns, which were believed to carry the essence of cosmic energy. The early Tantrics of Bengal viewed language as a sacred tool for spiritual transformation, and Chandas was revered as the primordial sound from which all creation emerged.
3.2. The Influence of Nigam Tantra on Later Spiritual Traditions
The influence of Nigam Tantra can be seen in the later development of Bengali spiritual practices, particularly in the Baul tradition. The Bauls, with their emphasis on divine love and the inner realization of God, inherited many of the core principles of Nigam Tantra. Their songs, composed in Bangla, carry the spiritual resonance of Chandas, reflecting the belief that language is a medium for attaining divine knowledge.
In the songs of the Charyapada, the spirit of Chandas whispers secrets of enlightenment, bridging the ancient past with the modern quest for meaning.
4. Why Bangla is a Classical Language
Given its deep roots in Chandas and its association with one of the most ancient spiritual traditions in the world, Bangla rightfully holds its place as a classical language.
Chandas is one of the world’s most ancient and revered languages, known for its profound spiritual, poetic, and philosophical significance. It served as the primary metrical language in the early Vedic texts, specifically in the Rig Veda, and played a pivotal role in the evolution of the religious and cultural traditions of South Asia. Chandas holds an important place as the foundational language of Nigam Tantra, Nath Yogis, and the Charyapada. Over time, this ancient linguistic structure gradually evolved and spread, giving rise to several modern languages like Bengali, Assamese, Manipuri, Pali, and Prakrit. Even the Tibetan language was influenced by the early forms of Bangla.
This article explores the significance of Chandas in ancient spiritual practices, its connection to Nigam Tantra, Nath Yogis, and Charyapada, and its transformation into modern languages, with an emphasis on its lasting impact on linguistic evolution in South Asia.
1. Chandas: The Language of Spirituality and Poetry
Chandas, as an ancient metrical form, is intimately tied to the Vedic tradition. It is characterized by its rhythmic patterns and meters, which gave structure to the hymns and verses of the Rig Veda. The early Vedic sages regarded Chandas not merely as a language but as a divine expression of cosmic order, where sound and rhythm were believed to connect the human mind with the transcendental forces of the universe. This is evident in the Vedic hymns, where precise pronunciation and metrical composition were essential for invoking divine energies.
1.1. Chandas as the Language of Nigam Tantra
Nigam Tantra, one of the most ancient spiritual traditions, finds its roots in the Vedic and pre-Vedic periods. Unlike classical Tantra, which developed later and emphasized rituals and esoteric practices, Nigam Tantra was focused on knowledge derived from the Vedas—specifically, the knowledge that could be extracted from the Vedic hymns composed in Chandas. The practitioners of Nigam Tantra believed in attaining spiritual enlightenment through the deep study of Vedic scriptures, using the vibration of words and sounds to access higher levels of consciousness.
Chandas played a crucial role in this spiritual path, as the phonetic patterns of the language were thought to hold the key to unlocking the divine energy of the universe. The Nath Yogis, who adhered to a blend of Tantra and Yoga practices, were among the later inheritors of this tradition. They viewed language, especially Chandas, as a tool for liberation (moksha), using it in their chants and mystical poetry to connect with higher spiritual realms.
Language is a living entity, and in the pulse of Chandas, we find the roots of our collective consciousness, nourishing the soul of South Asia.
2. Nath Yogis and the Continuity of Chandas
The Nath Yogis were instrumental in preserving the linguistic and spiritual traditions of Chandas. Founded by Matsyendranath and popularized by his disciple Gorakshanath, the Nath tradition placed great emphasis on mantra, sound, and the inner vibration of words as a pathway to spiritual transformation. The use of Chandas in their mantras, particularly in secretive Tantric rituals, was a significant part of their practice.
2.1. Chandas in the Nath Yogi Tradition
The Nath Yogis were not just ascetics but also mystical poets. They composed numerous verses in vernacular forms of early Apabhramsa and Prakrit that carried traces of Chandas, maintaining their metrical rhythm and phonetic structure. The transmission of Chandas in their tradition was both oral and written, with chants and hymns reflecting the deep reverence for the cosmic sound structure inherent in the language.
The Nath Yogis were also proponents of Nigam Tantra, viewing spiritual progress as being intertwined with the understanding and recitation of sacred syllables, especially those originating in Chandas. The Nath lineage continues to use Chandas-based mantras in their rituals, furthering the preservation of this ancient linguistic form.
3. The Charyapada and Its Connection to Chandas
The Charyapada, a collection of mystical songs from the 8th to 12th centuries, represents some of the earliest known examples of Bengali literature. However, the language of the Charyapada was not modern Bengali; it was an early form of Bangla heavily influenced by Chandas. The Charyapada songs were composed by Buddhist Siddhas (enlightened beings) and were used as spiritual guides for realizing the truth of existence.
3.1. Chandas in the Charyapada
The language of the Charyapada can be seen as an evolution of Chandas, where the rigid meters of the Vedic hymns were adapted into more fluid and vernacular forms. However, the mystical and esoteric meanings embedded within the verses reflect the same spiritual depth found in Chandas. The Charyapada songs were often composed with a dual meaning—on the surface, they appear to describe everyday events, but beneath that, they contain profound spiritual teachings.
The Charyapada tradition, much like Chandas, saw language as a sacred tool for spiritual realization. It was through the poetic forms inherited from Chandas that these Buddhist Siddhas expressed their inner experiences of enlightenment.
4. The Evolution of Chandas into Bengali, Assamese, Manipuri, Pali, and Prakrit
Over centuries, Chandas gradually evolved into several regional languages, including Bengali, Assamese, Manipuri, and others. This linguistic transformation was not sudden but a gradual process, influenced by regional dialects, cultural exchanges, and spiritual movements.
4.1. From Chandas to Bengali
The transformation of Chandas into Bengali is one of the most significant linguistic evolutions in South Asia. In ancient Bengal, Chandas were first modified into early forms of Magadhi Prakrit, which eventually gave rise to Apabhramsa and later Old Bengali. The Charyapada songs reflect this transition, marking the shift from classical Chandas to an early form of Bangla. The poetic meters of Chandas can still be seen in Bengali’s rhythmic patterns, and its phonetic structure continues to influence the language’s sound system.
4.2. Chandas and Assamese
Assamese, like Bengali, evolved from Magadhi Prakrit and was influenced by Chandas in its early stages. The metrical and rhythmic structures of Assamese poetry bear traces of Chandas, and the language shares a close linguistic affinity with early Bengali. The spiritual practices of Assam, particularly those related to Shakti Tantra and Vaishnavism, maintained the ancient use of sound and mantra, reflecting the continuity of Chandas’ influence in the region.
4.3. Chandas and Manipuri
Manipuri, spoken in the northeastern state of Manipur, was also influenced by early Bengali and Chandas. The Vaishnava and Tantric practices that flourished in Manipur introduced Bengali script and linguistic elements into the Manipuri language. The influence of Chandas can be seen in the ritualistic chants and hymns composed in Manipuri, which bear a close resemblance to the rhythmic patterns of early Bengali and Assamese.
4.4. Chandas, Pali, and Prakrit
Chandas played a significant role in the development of Pali, the language of the Buddhist Canon, and Prakrit, the vernacular language of ancient India. Pali, in particular, was influenced by the metrical structures of Chandas, which were used in the composition of Buddhist texts like the Dhammapada. Prakrit languages, such as Magadhi, were the vernacular forms of Sanskrit and Chandas, and they evolved into several modern Indian languages, including Bengali and Assamese.
5. The Influence of Ancient Bengali on Tibetan Language
One of the lesser-known but fascinating aspects of Chandas' legacy is its influence on the Tibetan language. In the early centuries of the first millennium, Bengal was a centre of Buddhist learning, particularly in places like Nalanda and Vikramshila. Tibetan monks travelled to Bengal to study Buddhist texts, many of which were composed in early forms of Bangla influenced by Chandas.
5.1. Transmission of Linguistic Influence
The translation of Buddhist texts from Bengali and Sanskrit into Tibetan led to a cross-cultural linguistic exchange. Tibetan monks, who were exposed to the metrical structures of Chandas and early Bengali, incorporated these phonetic and rhythmic patterns into their language. The influence of early Bengali on Tibetan Buddhist texts is undeniable. The Tibetan script itself was influenced by the ancient Indian scripts that evolved from the Ancient Bengali Script, and the phonetic systems of Tibet bear traces of the ancient linguistic patterns of Chandas.
As we reflect on the journey of Chandas from its ancient origins to its influences on modern languages, it becomes evident that this language is a bridge connecting the spiritual past with the present. The rhythmic patterns and metrical structures of Chandas not only laid the groundwork for the evolution of Bengali, Assamese, Manipuri, Pali, and Prakrit but also fostered a rich literary and spiritual tradition that continues to thrive today.
6. The Continued Relevance of Chandas in Contemporary Spiritual Practices
In the modern context, Chandas remains relevant, particularly within the practices of contemporary spiritual movements and rituals. Various Tantric traditions, especially those rooted in the Nath Yogi lineage, still utilize Chandas-based mantras in their meditative and ritualistic practices. The vibrational quality of Chandas is seen as a vehicle for spiritual awakening, with practitioners often turning to ancient texts to reconnect with their spiritual roots.
6.1. Preservation of Chandas in Literature and Art
The artistic expressions inspired by Chandas can be found in poetry, music, dance, and visual arts throughout Bengal and other regions influenced by its linguistic heritage. The Charyapada's mystical songs continue to inspire musicians and poets, who infuse their works with the essence of Chandas, creating a rich tapestry of cultural heritage. Furthermore, many modern poets and artists draw inspiration from the themes and structures found in Chandas, reflecting its enduring impact on artistic expression.
6.2. Academic Interest and Linguistic Studies
The study of Chandas has gained renewed interest in academic circles, with scholars exploring its linguistic properties, historical significance, and cultural implications. Research into Chandas has the potential to unlock deeper understandings of the evolution of South Asian languages, as well as the interplay between language and spirituality. This scholarly attention helps to ensure that the legacy of Chandas is not only preserved but also celebrated as an integral part of the region's rich history.
6.3. Chandas in Modern Education
As part of a broader effort to revitalize interest in classical languages, educational institutions are beginning to incorporate the study of Chandas into their curricula. By introducing students to the metrical structures and spiritual significance of Chandas, these institutions aim to cultivate a deeper appreciation for the linguistic heritage of the region. Programs that focus on ancient languages and texts offer opportunities for individuals to connect with their cultural roots and explore the profound spiritual wisdom embedded in these traditions.
7. Chandas: A Living Tradition
The essence of Chandas is not confined to ancient texts; it lives on through the ongoing practice of its principles in various spiritual and cultural contexts. In the Baul tradition, for example, practitioners often use Chandas-inspired lyrics to express their mystical experiences and the unity of the divine. The Bauls' unique blend of music, poetry, and spirituality echoes the foundational elements of Chandas, demonstrating how this ancient language continues to inform contemporary expressions of spirituality and cultural identity.
7.1. The Role of Community in Sustaining Chandas
Communities that embrace the teachings of Chandas—whether through ritualistic practices, artistic expressions, or scholarly pursuits—play a vital role in sustaining its legacy. By gathering in temples, performing rituals, and sharing stories that resonate with the teachings of Chandas, these communities ensure that the wisdom of the ancients is passed down through generations.
8. Final Thoughts
In conclusion, Chandas is more than just an ancient language; it is a key that unlocks the spiritual heritage of South Asia. Its influence on the development of languages like Bengali, Assamese, Manipuri, and Pali, and its connections to Tibetan further emphasize its significance in the linguistic landscape of the region. The resonance of Chandas in modern spirituality, literature, and cultural practices demonstrates its enduring power as a vehicle for connection and understanding.
As we continue to explore the depth and breadth of Chandas, we are reminded that language is not merely a means of communication but a profound expression of the human experience—a conduit for exploring the mysteries of existence. The legacy of Chandas is a testament to the enduring nature of spiritual wisdom and the interconnectedness of languages, cultures, and traditions that have shaped the rich tapestry of South Asian history.
Through the lens of Chandas, we discover not only the roots of our languages but also the pathways that lead us to the divine, encouraging us to delve deeper into our shared heritage and explore the spiritual essence that transcends time and space. As we honour this ancient language, we embrace the wisdom of our ancestors and carry it forward into the future, ensuring that the teachings of Chandas remain alive and relevant for generations to come.
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